Carl Brouard (1902 -1965) is used by Brathwaite as an example of an author who approaches Africa rhetorically

This is from "La trouèe," La Revue indigene (October 1927), translated by Brathwaite himself

"In general, however, rhetorical literature is static, wishful and willful in nature. Although it betrays a significant instinct for Africa, the instinct is based on ignorance and often, in the case of Brouard and his generation and class, on received European notions of 'darkest Africa'"

Jacques Roumain (1907 -1944) is seen as a rhetorical author but also of reconnection

The quote is from "Guinèe," La Revue indig?ne (September 1927)

"Vodun is the largest and most public African-derived (Dahomey: vodu) religious form in the Caribbean, centered in Haiti."

"The literature of African survival inheres most surely and securely in the folk tradition in folk tale, folksong, proverb, and much of the litany of the hounfort. Here, for example, is a marassa (spirit twins) lament from a vodun ceremony:"

This example of the African survival approach is from Alfred Metraux, Le vaudou haitien (Paris: Gallimard, 1958), trans. Hugo Charteris as Voodoo in Haiti (New York: Schocken Books, 1972), pp. 152-153.